论德

原文

王弼注

上德不德，是以有德；下德不失德，是以无德。上德无为而无以为；下德为之而有以为。上仁为之而无以为；上义为之而有以为。上礼为之而莫之应，则攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德，失德而后仁，失仁而后义，失义而后礼。夫礼者，忠信之薄，而乱之首。前识者，道之华，而愚之始。是以大丈夫处其厚，不居其薄；处其实，不居其华。故去彼取此。德者，得也。常得而无丧，利而无害，故以德为名焉。何以得德？由乎道也。何以尽德？以无为用。以无为用则莫不载也，故物无焉，则无物不经，有焉，则不足以免其生。是以天地虽广，以无为心。圣王虽大，以虚为主。故曰，以复而视，则天地之心见。至日而思之，则先王之至覩也。故灭其私而无其身，则四海莫不瞻，远近莫不至。殊其己而有其心，则一体不能自全，肌骨不能相容，是以上德之人，唯道是用。不德其德，无执无用，故能有德而无不为，不求而得，不为而成，故虽有德而无德名也。下德求而得之，为而成之，则立善以治物，故德名有焉。求而得之必有失焉，为而成之必有败焉，善名生则有不善应焉，故下德为之而有以为也。无以为者，无所偏为也。凡不能无为而为之者，皆下德也。仁义礼节是也，将明德之上下，辄举下德以对上德，至于无以为，极下德下之量，上仁是也，足及于无以为而犹为之焉。为之而无以为，故有为，为之患矣。本在无为，母在无名，弃本舍母而适其子，功虽大焉，必有不济。名虽美焉，伪亦必生。不能不为而成，不兴而治，则乃为之，故有宏普博施仁爱之者，而爱之无所偏私，故上仁为之而无以为也。爱不能兼，则有抑抗正真而义理之者，忿枉佑直，助彼攻此物事而有以心为矣，故上义为之而有以为也。直不能笃则有游饰修文，礼敬之者，尚好修敬，校责往来，则不对之闲，忿怒生焉。故上礼为之而莫之应，则攘臂而扔之。夫大之极也，其唯道乎，自此已往，岂足尊哉。故虽德盛业大，富而有万物，犹各得其德，虽贵以无为用，不能舍无以为体也，不能舍无以为体则失其为大矣，所谓失道而后德也。以无为用，德其母，故能己不劳焉而物无不理。下此已往，则失用之母，不能无为而贵博施，不能博施而贵正直，不能正直而贵饰敬，所谓失德而后仁，失仁而后义，失义而后礼也。夫礼也，所始首于忠信不笃，通简不阳，责备于表，机微争制，夫仁义发于内，为之犹伪，况务外饰而可久乎。故夫礼者，忠信之薄而乱之首也。前识者，前人而识也，即下德之伦也。竭其聪明以为前识，役其智力以营庶事，虽德其情，奸巧弥密，虽丰其誉，愈丧笃实。劳而事昏，务而治薉，虽竭圣智而民愈害。舍己任物，则无为而泰。守夫素朴，则不顺典制，听彼所获，弃此所守，识道之华而愚之首，故茍得其为功之母，则万物作焉而不辞也。万事存焉而不劳也，用不以形，御不以名，故仁义可显，礼敬可彰也。夫载之以大道，镇之以为名，则物无所尚，志无所营，各任其贞，事用其诚，则仁德厚焉，行义正焉，礼敬清焉，弃其所载，舍其所生，用其成形，役其聪明，仁则诚焉，义其竞焉，礼其争焉，故仁德之厚，非用仁之所能也，行义之正，非用义之所成也。礼敬之清，非用礼之所济也。载之以道，统之以母，故显之而无所尚，彰之而无所竞，用夫无名，故名以笃焉。用夫无形，故形以成焉。守母以存其子，崇本以举其末，则形名俱有而邪不生。大美配天而华不作，故母不可远，本不可失。仁义，母之所生，非可以为母。形器，匠之所成，非可以为匠也。舍其母而用其子，弃其本而适其末，名则有所分，形则有所止，虽极其大，必有不周，虽盛其美，必有忧患，功在为之，岂足处也。

英文 · James Legge

(About the attributes of the Dao) (Those who) possessed in highest degree the attributes (of the Dao) did not (seek) to show them, and therefore they possessed them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in a lower degree those attributes (sought how) not to lose them, and therefore they did not possess them (in fullest measure). (Those who) possessed in the highest degree those attributes did nothing (with a purpose), and had no need to do anything. (Those who) possessed them in a lower degree were (always) doing, and had need to be so doing. (Those who) possessed the highest benevolence were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had no need to be doing so. (Those who) possessed the highest righteousness were (always seeking) to carry it out, and had need to be so doing. (Those who) possessed the highest (sense of) propriety were (always seeking) to show it, and when men did not respond to it, they bared the arm and marched up to them. Thus it was that when the Dao was lost, its attributes appeared; when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared; when benevolence was lost, righteousness appeared; and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared. Now propriety is the attenuated form of leal-heartedness and good faith, and is also the commencement of disorder; swift apprehension is (only) a flower of the Dao, and is the beginning of stupidity. Thus it is that the Great man abides by what is solid, and eschews what is flimsy; dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other.